Empower p 30. Challenges. Speaking








1. Were you to have muscle pain, would you give acupuncture a whirl?
2. When was the last time you faced a daunting challenge and you decided to take the plunge? Did you rise to the challenge?
3.  Do you know anybody who after having made a name for themselves and having been on a roll, had to confront a major challenge and everything ended in a great debacle? Have you ever done anything that was met with complete failure? Do you think fear of failure should deter you from trying again?
4. If you were offered a job overseas, would you jump at the chance? Is this one of your main ambitions? Which is the greatest ambition you have pursued? Do you know anyone who has a burning ambition to travel somewhere? Do you?
5. When was the last time you felt a rush of adrenaline while completing something that had posed a challenged? Do you enjoy the satisfaction of completing a difficult task?
6. When was the last time your mind whirled? Was it because of challenges you had to respond to?
7. What challenges bring out the best in people? and the worst? What challenges is the world facing nowadays? Can you give examples of economic, environmental, intellectual, political, and technological challenges
8. Would living in a small village present an enormous challenge? Would you feel cut off and isolated?
9. When you started at your workplace did you fit in immediately or did that become a huge challenge at first?  
10. Do you enjoy setting and achieving realistic goals? Are you an ambitious person? What are your ambitions? What ambitions have you already fulfilled? Have you ever secretly harboured a lifelong ambition? Can you tell us about it? Have you ever taken up a difficult challenge?
Add two more to ask a partner:
11. __________
12. __________

Empower p 29. Linking Devices

 

LIST OF CONNECTORS, LINKS, TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES


Using connectors in writing and speaking helps the reader or listener to understand the message better, and at the same time allows him or her to flow more smoothly from one point to the next. Transitions enhance logical organization and understandability and improve the connections between thoughts. They indicate relations, whether within a sentence, paragraph, or paper.
This list illustrates categories of "relationships" between ideas, followed by words and phrases that can make the connections:

Sequence: 
firstly, at first, first of all, to begin / start with, in the first place, in the second place, secondly, at the same time next, for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on meanwhile, next, then, soon, later, while, earlier, finally, lastly, and eventually simultaneously, afterwards, in conclusion, to conclude, to conclude with, with this in mind, last but not least The music had a very retro sound but at the same time incorporated a complex modern rhythm.

Appearance and reality:
 at first sight apparently...but they are really / actually / but in fact,... The fact is that... As a matter of fact...

Addition: 
also, again, as well as, too, besides, coupled with, furthermore, in addition, additionally, moreover, what is more, similarly, likewise, apart from, on top of that, not only,... but also... When there is a trusting relationship coupled with positive reinforcement, the partners will be able to overcome difficult situations. Learning another language not only improves children's job prospects in later life, but also boosts their self-esteem. The banks advise against sending cash. Likewise, sending British cheques may cause problems. Another key point to bear in mind is that technology in the classroom does not always have to be complicated. Of course, when... Also, another thing to take into consideration is that Cala Mesquida is undoubtedly one of the most authentic and unspoilt beaches not only in the area but on the island. Another key aspect to consider is if you want a used or new property. Something else we should consider is that how we act is related to how we feel.

Consequence, result: 
accordingly, as a result (of), consequently, as a consequence, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, so, then, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore, that is why, because of that... Highway traffic came to a stop as a result of an accident that morning. Eating habits formed in childhood tend to continue into adult life. Thus, the best way to prevent heart disease among adults is to encourage healthy eating from an early age. Eating habits formed in childhood tend to continue into adult life, hence the importance of encouraging healthy eating from an early age. Today's children eat more junk food and get less exercise than previous generations of children. It is not surprising, therefore, that rates of childhood obesity are on the increase.

Reason: 
because, because of + N, due to + N, due to the fact that, for this, for this reason, owing to +N, owing to the fact that Owing to the rising cost of fuel, more people are using public transport.

Contrast: 
in marked / sharp / stark / striking contrast to conversely, instead, on the contrary, in contrast to that When the press was biased towards the political right, television coverage tended to lean to the left. Conversely, if the press swung heavily to the left, television would have to redress the balance by leaning to the right. on (the) one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather On the one hand, expansion would be good, but on the other hand it would be sad to lose the family atmosphere. although, though, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas, while, all the same, in spite of, despite, still Prices have been rising. It is unlikely, however, that this increase will continue. Diamond mining is a highly profitable industry. However, there are certain risks involved. Three more nuclear power stations were built despite widespread opposition. There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return.

Similarity and comparison: 
similarly, equally, likewise, in the same / a different way, by the same token = in a similar way comparatively, correspondingly, identically You have to show respect for your colleagues, and by the same token they have to respect you.

Direction: 
here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance

Stating facts: 
actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, really

Diversion: 
by the way, incidentally His name, incidentally, was misspelt in the credits of the first two Star Wars movies.

Emphasis: 
above all, chiefly, especially, particularly, singularly, undoubtedly, indeed, obviously, generally, admittedly, in fact, particularly, in particular, clearly, it must be admitted, certainly, undeniably, it must be said, to be fair / honest, it cannot be denied, it must be allowed

Exception: 
aside from, barring, beside, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of, save Consensus was arrived at by all of the members exclusive of those who could not vote. Barring any further delays, we should be able to start tomorrow. (=if there are no further delays...)

Exemplifying and illustrating: 
chiefly, especially, for instance, for example, for one thing, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this case, that is, that is to say, in particular, markedly, namely, particularly, including, specifically, such as, a case in point is... Some friends and I drove up the beautiful coast chiefly to avoid the heat island of the city. The chapter provided complex sequences and examples illustrated with a very simple schematic diagram.

Generalizing: 
as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually There were a few very talented artists in the class, but for the most part the students only wanted to avoid the alternative course.

Restatement: 
in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently, to put it another way, in short In their advertising business, saying things directly was not the rule. That is to say, they tried to convey the message subtly though with creativity.

Summarizing, concluding: 
after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, to sum up, consequently, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally In conclusion, the study has provided useful insights into the issues relating to people's perception of crime.

Empower p 29. Contrast. Key Word Transformations

1. In spite of it raining every single day, I enjoyed everything that we did.
ALL
It _________________________________________________that, I enjoyed everything that we did.
2. We don't have much in common but we have a good relationship.
LITTLE
Even _____________________________________________________________ along very well.
3. She worked as hard as she could. However, she didn't finish on time.
MEET
In _______________________________________________________________ deadline.
4. It doesn't matter how much it costs. We're simply going to have to do it.
REGARDLESS
We're simply going to have to do it,___________________________________it costs.
5. Unlike his work up to now, the project he has just given to his teacher is superb.
FAR
In contrast __________________________________________________________ in to his teacher is superb.

Write two more sentences using words and expressions from our last session:
6. ______________
7._______________


KEY
1. In spite of it raining every single day, I enjoyed everything that we did.
ALL
It __________________________________________that , I enjoyed everything that we did.



 

 

KEY

1.  It rained every single day, (but) for all that, I enjoyed everything that we did.

2. We don't have much in common but we have a good relationship.
LITTLE
Even _____________________________________________________along very well.

 

 




KEY

 
2. Even though we have little in common, we get along very well.

3. She worked as hard as she could. However, she didn't finish on time.
MEET
In __________________________________________________________ deadline.

 





KEY

 
3. In spite of working as hard as she could, she didn't meet the deadline.

4. It doesn't matter how much it costs. We're simply going to have to do it.
REGARDLESS
We're simply going to have to do it, _____________________________________ it costs.

 

 



KEY

 
4. We're simply going to have to do it, regardless of how much it costs.
 

5. Unlike his work up to now, the project he has just given to his teacher is superb.
FAR
In contrast______________________________________________ in to his teacher is superb.


 

 

KEY

 
5. In contrast to his work so far, the project he has just turned/handed in to his teacher is superb.

Empower p 29. Linking Devices. Exercise 3

Fill in the gaps with one word:
1. At first _______ it resembles a traditional village of two-storeyed houses, but in ____ there are also tower blocks there.

2.  In ____________ to the twins, Jason has another child by his first wife.
3. ___________ all else, the government must keep the promises it has made.
4. ____ in all, I would say John and I had a very nice trip
5. In the last ______we shall have to turn to him for help.
6. In many cases religious persecution is the cause of people fleeing their country. A case in _______ is colonial India.
7. Difficult ______________ it may be, there is no other option. 
8. The chair he sat in was ___________ near as comfortable as the one behind his desk. 
9. His travel articles are always, for one reason or ___________, fascinating. 
10. _________ I saw it, we had no choice.
11.  To the ________ of my knowledge they were supposed to arrive yesterday.
12. England isn't _______ as big as Russia.  
13. It’s nothing __________ as bad as he said. 
 

KEY
1. sight
at first sight: If you say that something seems to have certain characteristics at first sight, you mean that it appears to have the features you describe when you first see it but later it is found to be different. E.g. It promised to be a more difficult undertaking than might appear at first sight. 



fact



2.   addition 



3. Above
above all: is used for referring to something that is more important than any of the other things you could mention. E.g. He will be remembered above all as a loving husband and family man.



4. All
All in all…(with everything considered) 



5. resort
In the last resort…: when there are no other possible courses of action (Sp. como último recurso) e.g. They would in the last resort support their friends whatever they did. In the last resort we can always walk home.



6. point 
a case in point: an example of the situation or behaviour that you are talking about. A good example of something. E.g. Supermarkets often charge too much for goods. Bananas are a case in point. Shoppers tend to think that high prices mean high quality. Electrical goods are a case in point. 



7. though/as
Adj+  though/as+ it+ verb: Expensive though it was, you certainly got your money's worth.



8. nowhere
nowhere near: If you use nowhere near in front of a word or expression, you are emphasizing that the real situation is very different from, or has not yet reached, the state which that word or expression suggests. E.g. It was nowhere near as difficult as I thought it would be.



9. another
for one reason or another: used for saying that there is more than one reason for something. For various reasons. E.g. What is something you absolutely refuse to do for one reason or another?



10. As 
I was able to stay working and go to school at the same time because as I saw it, I was a hard worker and I took my job seriously.



11. best
To the best of my knowledge/belief: used for saying that you think your statement is true, because it is based on what you know/believe, but you are not completely sure. E.g. To the best of my knowledge, no similar book has been published.  To the best of my belief, everyone arrived on time. The shopkeeper assured investigators that, to the best of his belief, he had not seen the suspect pass through that morning. To the best of my belief, we should be done with the seminar around lunchtime.



12. nearly/quite 



13. like 

Empower p 29. A World without Money. Linking Devices. Exercise 2

LINKING, EXPLAINING AND CONTRASTING
Choose one or two correct alternatives for each sentence

It is difficult to imagine a world without money, though of course, it hasn´t always been around.

1. A First of all, B Once upon a time, C Firstly, D In the beginning, people would exchange sheep for ivory, or goats for weapons.

2. A Sincerely, B Of course, C Naturally, this could be inconvenient.

3. An easier way of trading was needed, A so that B because C that´s why money had to be invented.

4. A Lately, B Once, C Eventually, four-and-a-half thousand years ago in Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq) someone had a brilliant idea.

5. They realized that it would be easier A for B in order to C to buy and sell by using standard weights of silver.

6. This was a marvellous invention because A unless B otherwise C instead we might still be swapping things for sheep and goats!

7. However, it wasn´t A before B by C until the seventh century BC that the first coins appeared in the ancient kingdom of Lydia (now Turkey).

8. A During B By C Over the next few centuries, the use of coins spread to other civilized countries.

9. Rulers wanted to control the issue of coins, A because B so C so that D that´s why they were stamped with the head of the ruler and their value.

10. A As B While C Because precious metals like silver and gold were used, they were actually worth the weight of the metal.

11. Chinese copper coins were A so B too C very D really heavy to carry that people kept them with merchants,

12. A which B whom C that D who gave their customers receipts written on pieces of paper.

13. A After B Afterwards C - they would use them

14. A like B as C for D instead money.

15. A Eventually, B Lastly, in the fourteenth century, the Chinese government introduced the first paper money.

16. A Because B Although C Despite people were suspicious at first, they accepted it.

17. Nowadays, nobody thinks twice about using paper money, A despite B although C while it only has symbolic rather than intrinsic value. (This is true of coins, too).

18. There is nothing new in this A so B because C that´s why D as tribes have traded for centuries using shells and even feathers as currency.

19. A Nowadays, B These days, C Actually, less and less cash is used and we pay for expensive items like laptops and cars by cheque and credit card.

20. A In fact, B Really, C Nevertheless, people predict that, by the end of the century, coins and paper money will have been completely replaced by plastic money.



KEY



1. B and D.



2. B and C.



3. C.



4. C.



5. C.



6. B.



7. C.



8. C.



9. D.



10. A and C.



11. A.



12. D.



13. B.



14. B.



15. A.



16. B.



17.B.



18. B and D.



19. A and B.



20. A.

Empower p 29. Linking Devices. Exercise 1

EXERCISE

Delete the incorrect alternative in each sentence.

1- He pays his own fees. For this reason / However / Consequently, he wants to complete his degree as soon as possible.

2- Jane’s family have a lot of money. However / Thus / Nevertheless, they don’t give her much.

3- Everybody failed the exam. Evidently / In addition to this / Obviously, it was too difficult.

4- Healthcare is very expensive in the United States. On the contrary / For this reason / Hence, it’s a good idea to have health insurance.

5- She lives a long way from the university. Furthermore / Consequently / What’s more, public transport in the area is very poor.

6- His sister studied Maths at university. Thus / However / In contrast, he studied French.


KEY
1 However

 

2 Thus

 

3 In addition to this

 

4 On the contrary

 

5 Consequently

 

6 Thus

Empower p 28. Extreme Sports at an Australian University. Listening

Luba
The outing she enjoyed the most was the (1)________________________ one.
They had to pay for the hire of  (2)_____________________________ and other gear.
She compares being swept along by the current of the water to being (3)_____________________ .
The only drawback was that getting off the raft she (4)_____________ a wet rock and as a consequence (5)___________________.
Mehmet
Whitewater rafting was (6)_____________________ exciting as bungee jumping.
Strangely enough, they were just (7)_________________ by a (8)____________ driver.
It was (9)_______________ that nobody from the (10)________________ was there.
Paolo
He is not (11)_________________ these extreme sports.
He never understood (12)_______________________ throwing yourself off a bridge.
Changying
Changying almost (13)_____________________the last minute.
Changying had (14)______________believe that these activities would be free.







KEY
(1) whitewater rafting



(2) the wetsuits



(3) on a roller coaster



(4) slipped on



(5) twisted her ankle



(6) nowhere near as



(7) picked up



(8) minivan



(9) a bit odd



(10) committee



(11) so keen on



(12) the thrill of



(13) pulled out at



(14) been led to

Empower p 27. Why is Blue Monday ‘the most depressing day’ of the year? Cloze


 

Every year, the third Monday of January is dubbed “Blue Monday”.

The theory goes that this is the time of year when we’re all cold, broke and riddled (1)_________ guilt that our new year’s resolutions to get fit, drink less alcohol, and be a better human being have (2)_________________ by the wayside.

And of course in 2021, we're dealing with yet another lockdown on (3)_____________ of the annual January difficulties.

But is Blue Monday really the most depressing day of the year, (4)_________ it’s often called, or is the label just a misguided PR (5)__________?

The concept was originally (6)______________ in 2004 by psychologist Cliff Arnall.  

He came (7)__________ with a “formula” for the January blues after he was asked to do so by travel firm Sky Travel, (8)___________ then used the phrase in a press release to promote their winter deals.

It took into account a number of factors (9)_______________ to contribute to low mood.

Arnall has since confessed that the formula is essentially pseudoscience and has urged Brits (10)__________ “refute the whole notion” of Blue Monday.

"I was originally asked to come up with (11)_____________ I thought was the best day to book a summer holiday but when I started thinking about the motives for booking a holiday, reflecting (12)____________ what thousands had told me during stress management or happiness workshops, there were these factors that pointed to the third Monday in January as being particularly depressing,” he told The Daily Telegraph in 2013. 

That hasn’t stopped PRs and marketing firms (13)___________ manipulating the concept and using it as a golden sales opportunity, enabling them to capitalise (14)_____________ the assumption that everyone is miserable on this particular day and therefore vulnerable (15)__________ advertising. 

This year alone, deals are being advertised (16)_________ sushi, burgers, aromatherapy products, “uplifting” beauty treatments and diet plans. Spending our money, these brands say, can help cure us of this annual bout (17)___________ depressive symptoms.

But playing (18)______________and loose with mental health terminology can have some insidious effects.

Psychologist Dr Joan Harvey describes the concept as “completely meaningless”, particularly with (19)_________ to claims that poor weather is one of the main reasons why Blue Monday is so blue.

“If it’s really bright and sunny, you might even find yourself feeling cheerful on the day,” she tells The Independent.

(20)____________ Harvey points out that seasonal affective disorder (SAD) can leave people feeling depressed during the winter months, she stresses that pegging depression to one day in particular is “sensationalist /senˈseɪʃənəlɪst/ nonsense”.  

 

The Independent

KEY

blue: sad, depressed. E.g. He'd been feeling blue all week.

 

 

1. with

be riddled with something
  1. to be full of something, especially something bad or unpleasant
    • His body was riddled with cancer.
    • Her typing was slow and riddled with mistakes.
    • The woods are riddled with rabbit holes.
     
 

 

 

2. fallen

fall by the wayside
  1. to fail or be unable to make progress
    • Many clubs fall by the wayside for financial reasons.
    • Proposals for the new service fell by the wayside through lack of public support.

 

 

3. top 

on top of something

in addition to something
He gets commission on top of his salary.
On top of everything else, my car's been stolen. 

 

4. as


 

5. stunt/gimmick

stunt:something that is done in order to attract people’s attention

  • They jumped off London Bridge as a publicity stunt.

gimmick: an unusual trick or unnecessary device that is intended to attract attention or to persuade people to buy something

  • a promotional/publicity/sales gimmick
  • We don’t use gimmicks to sell our products.
  • The promise of lower taxation may have been just an election gimmick to gain votes.
  • a new gimmick to encourage people to go to the cinema

PR: the business of giving the public information about a particular organization or person in order to create a good impression (the abbreviation for public relations)

  • a PR department/agency/campaign
  • The article is very good PR for the theatre.

 

 

6. coined 

coin something: to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use

  • The term ‘cardboard city’ was coined to describe communities of homeless people living in cardboard boxes.
  • He was the first to coin the motto ‘Make Love, Not War’.

 

 

 

7. up

come up with: produce  

 

 

 

8. who 

 

 

 

9. likely 

 

 

10. to

urge: to advise or try hard to persuade somebody to do something.

  • urge somebody to do something If you ever get the chance to visit this place, I strongly urge you to do so.

 

 

 

11. what  

 

 

 

12. on 

 

 

13. from 

 

 

 

14. on

capitalize on/upon something
  1. to gain a further advantage for yourself from a situation. Take advantage of. E.g.
    The team failed to capitalize on their early lead.

 

 

 

15. to

vulnerable (to somebody/something) weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally

E.g. The children are very vulnerable to being hurt. Children are most vulnerable to abuse within their own home.  

 

 

 

16. for 

aromatherapy: /əˌrəʊməˈθerəpi/ the use of natural oils that smell sweet to improve physical, emotional or mental health, by rubbing them into the skin or breathing in their smell 

 

 

 

17. of

bout: /baʊt/

a short period of great activity; a short period during which there is a lot of a particular thing, usually something unpleasant. Sp. Período, episodio.

  • They had been fighting after a drinking bout.
  • bout of something/of doing something the latest bout of inflation
  • There has been a severe bout of inflation over recent months.
  • Regular exercise is better than occasional bouts of strenuous activity.

 

 

18. fast 

play fast and loose (with somebody/something)
  1. Behave irresponsibly or immorally. To treat somebody/something in a way that shows that you feel no responsibility or respect for them. Sp. tomar a la ligera.
E.g. They played fast and loose with investors’ money.  Like many movie-makers, he plays fast and loose with the facts to tell his own version of the story

I am not someone who plays fast and loose with other people's lives.

insidious: spreading gradually or without being noticed, but causing serious harm. Sp traicionero.

  • the insidious effects of polluted water supplies
  • High blood pressure is an insidious condition which has few symptoms.

 

 

 

19. regard

in/with regard to somebody/something
  1. (formal) relating to somebody/something
    • a country’s laws in regard to human rights
    • The company's position with regard to overtime is made clear in their contracts.
    • I am writing with regard to your recent order.
     
as regards somebody/something
  1. (formal) relating to or in connection with somebody/something
    • I have little information as regards her fitness for the post.
    • As regards the first point in your letter…
regarding:

relating to somebody/something; about somebody/something

  • She has said nothing regarding your request.
  • Call me if you have any problems regarding your work.

 

 

20. While

peg to recognize or discover what something is; identify. Sp. etiquetar, identificar, catalogar. E.g. She pegged him as a big spender. They had you pegged as a sucker the minute you walked in.

sucker: a person who is easily tricked or persuaded to do something. Sp. Inocentón.

  • She always said the lottery was for suckers.

 

Giving advice:

Empower p 10. Giving Advice

 

Empower p25. Laurie Hernández.







Can you read her lips? What does she say?


KEY

"I've got this"

Discuss
"Whether you think you can, or you think you can't--you're right"
Do you agree with this quotation?

Do you think your inner voice can play a crucial role to achieve a major goal?

Can self-talk have a great impact on our confidence? What can you say to yourself to make a positive effect instead of a negative one?

Self-talk is basically your inner voice, the voice in your mind which says things that you don’t necessarily say out loud. 

Do you tend to look on the bright side?


What else can you do to boost your confidence?

Empower p 25. Iron men let off steam. Extra Word Formation

Iron men let off steam

What are known as extreme sports have become (0)...increasingly........(DECREASE) popular in recent years. But what if you've already tried bungee jumping, paragliding and all the others, but still haven't (1)......................... (COME) the urge to prove yourself by taking part in (2) .........................(PHYSICS) challenging activities? The answer could lie in a new activity which goes by the name of extreme ironing. (3)...............(PARTICIPATE) describe themselves as “ironists” and what they like to do is to climb mountains, go surfing or trek cross-country, doing their ironing along the way. It all started in 1997, when Philip Shaw, a mountaineering (4) ........................  (ENTHUSE) from Leicester in the English Midlands decided to iron his shirts in the garden on a hot day. His flatmate (5) ......................... (JOKE) described this as “extreme ironing” and the idea of the spoof sport was born. The sport's worldwide (6) ......................... (GOVERNMENT) body, the Extreme Ironing Bureau, has received twenty thousand hits on its website, and future expeditions include such (7) ......................... (LIKELY) activities as hang-gliding ironing and white-water ironing. For ironists, who are now earning the grudging (8).......................(RESPECTFULLY) of some mainstream extreme-sports fans, the motivation for the sport comes from the chance to combine the thrill of an extreme (9) ......................... (DOOR) activity with the (10)......................... (UNSATISFIED ) of a well-pressed shirt.                                      



KEY
iron man: a ​person of ​great ​physical ​strength and the ​ability to ​continue doing something ​difficult for a ​long ​time.


let off steam: to get rid of your energy, anger or strong emotions by doing something active or noisy. Sp. desahogarse, desfogarse, liberar estrés. E.g. I went for a long walk to let off steam.

thrill seeker: A person who is keen to take part in exciting activities that involve physical risk. E.g. ‘thrill seekers are paying big bucks to swim with great white sharks’
daredevil: /ˈdeədevl/ (N) a person who enjoys doing dangerous things, in a way that other people may think is stupid. E.g. a reckless daredevil.

daredevil: /ˈdeədevl/ (adj) dangerous, in a way that other people may think is stupid. E.g. Don't try any daredevil stunts. 

adrenaline: /əˈdrenəlɪn/ (also adrenalin) a substance produced in the body when you are excited, afraid or angry. It makes the heart beat faster and increases your energy and ability to move quickly. E.g. The excitement at the start of a race can really get the adrenaline flowing. a rush/surge of adrenaline. A rush of adrenaline.

slingshot : a stick shaped like a Y with a rubber band attached to it, used by children for shooting stones.

slingshot attraction:

 



(0) ..increasingly.........        
bungee jumpingthe ​sport of ​jumping off a very high ​bridge or ​similar ​structure, with a ​long ​elastic ​rope (bungee) ​tied to ​your ​legs, so that the ​rope ​pulls you back before you ​hit the ​ground. E.g. to go bungee jumping.



paragliding: a sport in which you wear a special structure like a parachute, jump from a high place and are carried along by the wind before coming down to earth to go paragliding.



(1) overcome
overcome: to succeed in dealing with or controlling a problem that has been preventing you from achieving something. E.g. She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal. The two parties managed to overcome their differences on the issue.

urge/ɜːdʒ/ a strong desire to do something. E.g. sexual urges. Urge to do something I had a sudden urge to hit him.


(2) physically

Extreme ironing /ˈaɪənɪŋ/ (also called EI) is an extreme sport and a performance art in which people take ironing boards to remote locations and iron items of clothing.

stamina: /ˈstæmɪnə/ the physical or mental strength that enables you to do something difficult for long periods of time. It takes a lot of stamina to run a marathon. Exercises aimed at increasing stamina.

endurance: /ɪnˈdjʊərəns/ the ability to continue doing something painful or difficult for a long period of time without complaining. E.g. He showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness.  This event tests both physical and mental endurance. powers of endurance. The party turned out to be more of an endurance test than a pleasure. The long journey tested their courage and endurance to the limit.
beyond endurance:There was something about him that irritated Lydia almost beyond endurance. They were humiliated beyond endurance.

suppleness: /ˈsʌplnəs/ the ability to bend and move parts of your body easily into different positions

supple: able to bend and move parts of your body easily into different positions. Flexible. E.g. her slim, supple body. These exercises will help to keep you supple. 

flexible: able to bend or move easily. E.g. A gymnast has to be flexible above all else. 

(3) Participants

trek: (also go trekking) to spend time walking, especially in mountains and for enjoyment and interest. E.g. We went trekking in Nepal. During the expedition, they trekked ten to thirteen hours a day.

hike: to go for a long walk in the country, especially for pleasure. E.g. strong boots for hiking over rough country

cross-country: across fields or open country rather than on roads or a track. Sp. campo a través. E.g. cross-country running. We rode cross-country.

(4) enthusiast         



(5) jokingly

spoof: a humorous copy of a film/movie, television programme, etc. that exaggerates its main features. Sp. parodia. E.g. It's a spoof on horror movies. They did a very clever game show spoof.


(6) governing



(7) unlikely
hang-gliding: a sport in which you fly while hanging from a frame like a large kite which you control with your body movements. E.g. to go hang-gliding.




white-water: a part of a river that looks white because the water is moving very fast over rocks. E.g. a stretch of white water. White-water rafting.  





(8) respect

grudging: /ˈɡrʌdʒɪŋ/ given or done unwillingly. Reluctant. Sp. reticente. De mala gana. E.g. He could not help feeling a grudging admiration for the old lady. There was grudging admiration in his voice.

mainstream: considered normal because it reflects what is done or accepted by most people. E.g. mainstream culture/ politics. Mainstream economists/ journalists. The mainstream press/ media.



(9) outdoor

thrill:  a strong feeling of excitement or pleasure; an experience that gives you this feeling. E.g.
It gave me a big thrill to meet my favourite author in person. The thrill of catching a really big fish.



(10) satisfaction                                       


Exercises:
HERE

Key:
HERE