Showing posts with label Linking Devices. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Linking Devices. Show all posts

Empower p 29. Linking Devices

 

LIST OF CONNECTORS, LINKS, TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES


Using connectors in writing and speaking helps the reader or listener to understand the message better, and at the same time allows him or her to flow more smoothly from one point to the next. Transitions enhance logical organization and understandability and improve the connections between thoughts. They indicate relations, whether within a sentence, paragraph, or paper.
This list illustrates categories of "relationships" between ideas, followed by words and phrases that can make the connections:

Sequence: 
firstly, at first, first of all, to begin / start with, in the first place, in the second place, secondly, at the same time next, for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on meanwhile, next, then, soon, later, while, earlier, finally, lastly, and eventually simultaneously, afterwards, in conclusion, to conclude, to conclude with, with this in mind, last but not least The music had a very retro sound but at the same time incorporated a complex modern rhythm.

Appearance and reality:
 at first sight apparently...but they are really / actually / but in fact,... The fact is that... As a matter of fact...

Addition: 
also, again, as well as, too, besides, coupled with, furthermore, in addition, additionally, moreover, what is more, similarly, likewise, apart from, on top of that, not only,... but also... When there is a trusting relationship coupled with positive reinforcement, the partners will be able to overcome difficult situations. Learning another language not only improves children's job prospects in later life, but also boosts their self-esteem. The banks advise against sending cash. Likewise, sending British cheques may cause problems. Another key point to bear in mind is that technology in the classroom does not always have to be complicated. Of course, when... Also, another thing to take into consideration is that Cala Mesquida is undoubtedly one of the most authentic and unspoilt beaches not only in the area but on the island. Another key aspect to consider is if you want a used or new property. Something else we should consider is that how we act is related to how we feel.

Consequence, result: 
accordingly, as a result (of), consequently, as a consequence, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, so, then, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore, that is why, because of that... Highway traffic came to a stop as a result of an accident that morning. Eating habits formed in childhood tend to continue into adult life. Thus, the best way to prevent heart disease among adults is to encourage healthy eating from an early age. Eating habits formed in childhood tend to continue into adult life, hence the importance of encouraging healthy eating from an early age. Today's children eat more junk food and get less exercise than previous generations of children. It is not surprising, therefore, that rates of childhood obesity are on the increase.

Reason: 
because, because of + N, due to + N, due to the fact that, for this, for this reason, owing to +N, owing to the fact that Owing to the rising cost of fuel, more people are using public transport.

Contrast: 
in marked / sharp / stark / striking contrast to conversely, instead, on the contrary, in contrast to that When the press was biased towards the political right, television coverage tended to lean to the left. Conversely, if the press swung heavily to the left, television would have to redress the balance by leaning to the right. on (the) one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather On the one hand, expansion would be good, but on the other hand it would be sad to lose the family atmosphere. although, though, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas, while, all the same, in spite of, despite, still Prices have been rising. It is unlikely, however, that this increase will continue. Diamond mining is a highly profitable industry. However, there are certain risks involved. Three more nuclear power stations were built despite widespread opposition. There are serious problems in our country. Nonetheless, we feel this is a good time to return.

Similarity and comparison: 
similarly, equally, likewise, in the same / a different way, by the same token = in a similar way comparatively, correspondingly, identically You have to show respect for your colleagues, and by the same token they have to respect you.

Direction: 
here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance

Stating facts: 
actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, really

Diversion: 
by the way, incidentally His name, incidentally, was misspelt in the credits of the first two Star Wars movies.

Emphasis: 
above all, chiefly, especially, particularly, singularly, undoubtedly, indeed, obviously, generally, admittedly, in fact, particularly, in particular, clearly, it must be admitted, certainly, undeniably, it must be said, to be fair / honest, it cannot be denied, it must be allowed

Exception: 
aside from, barring, beside, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of, save Consensus was arrived at by all of the members exclusive of those who could not vote. Barring any further delays, we should be able to start tomorrow. (=if there are no further delays...)

Exemplifying and illustrating: 
chiefly, especially, for instance, for example, for one thing, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this case, that is, that is to say, in particular, markedly, namely, particularly, including, specifically, such as, a case in point is... Some friends and I drove up the beautiful coast chiefly to avoid the heat island of the city. The chapter provided complex sequences and examples illustrated with a very simple schematic diagram.

Generalizing: 
as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually There were a few very talented artists in the class, but for the most part the students only wanted to avoid the alternative course.

Restatement: 
in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently, to put it another way, in short In their advertising business, saying things directly was not the rule. That is to say, they tried to convey the message subtly though with creativity.

Summarizing, concluding: 
after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, to sum up, consequently, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally In conclusion, the study has provided useful insights into the issues relating to people's perception of crime.

Empower p 29. Contrast. Key Word Transformations

1. In spite of it raining every single day, I enjoyed everything that we did.
ALL
It _________________________________________________that, I enjoyed everything that we did.
2. We don't have much in common but we have a good relationship.
LITTLE
Even _____________________________________________________________ along very well.
3. She worked as hard as she could. However, she didn't finish on time.
MEET
In _______________________________________________________________ deadline.
4. It doesn't matter how much it costs. We're simply going to have to do it.
REGARDLESS
We're simply going to have to do it,___________________________________it costs.
5. Unlike his work up to now, the project he has just given to his teacher is superb.
FAR
In contrast __________________________________________________________ in to his teacher is superb.

Write two more sentences using words and expressions from our last session:
6. ______________
7._______________


KEY
1. In spite of it raining every single day, I enjoyed everything that we did.
ALL
It __________________________________________that , I enjoyed everything that we did.



 

 

KEY

1.  It rained every single day, (but) for all that, I enjoyed everything that we did.

2. We don't have much in common but we have a good relationship.
LITTLE
Even _____________________________________________________along very well.

 

 




KEY

 
2. Even though we have little in common, we get along very well.

3. She worked as hard as she could. However, she didn't finish on time.
MEET
In __________________________________________________________ deadline.

 





KEY

 
3. In spite of working as hard as she could, she didn't meet the deadline.

4. It doesn't matter how much it costs. We're simply going to have to do it.
REGARDLESS
We're simply going to have to do it, _____________________________________ it costs.

 

 



KEY

 
4. We're simply going to have to do it, regardless of how much it costs.
 

5. Unlike his work up to now, the project he has just given to his teacher is superb.
FAR
In contrast______________________________________________ in to his teacher is superb.


 

 

KEY

 
5. In contrast to his work so far, the project he has just turned/handed in to his teacher is superb.

Empower p 29. Linking Devices. Exercise 3

Fill in the gaps with one word:
1. At first _______ it resembles a traditional village of two-storeyed houses, but in ____ there are also tower blocks there.

2.  In ____________ to the twins, Jason has another child by his first wife.
3. ___________ all else, the government must keep the promises it has made.
4. ____ in all, I would say John and I had a very nice trip
5. In the last ______we shall have to turn to him for help.
6. In many cases religious persecution is the cause of people fleeing their country. A case in _______ is colonial India.
7. Difficult ______________ it may be, there is no other option. 
8. The chair he sat in was ___________ near as comfortable as the one behind his desk. 
9. His travel articles are always, for one reason or ___________, fascinating. 
10. _________ I saw it, we had no choice.
11.  To the ________ of my knowledge they were supposed to arrive yesterday.
12. England isn't _______ as big as Russia.  
13. It’s nothing __________ as bad as he said. 
 

KEY
1. sight
at first sight: If you say that something seems to have certain characteristics at first sight, you mean that it appears to have the features you describe when you first see it but later it is found to be different. E.g. It promised to be a more difficult undertaking than might appear at first sight. 



fact



2.   addition 



3. Above
above all: is used for referring to something that is more important than any of the other things you could mention. E.g. He will be remembered above all as a loving husband and family man.



4. All
All in all…(with everything considered) 



5. resort
In the last resort…: when there are no other possible courses of action (Sp. como último recurso) e.g. They would in the last resort support their friends whatever they did. In the last resort we can always walk home.



6. point 
a case in point: an example of the situation or behaviour that you are talking about. A good example of something. E.g. Supermarkets often charge too much for goods. Bananas are a case in point. Shoppers tend to think that high prices mean high quality. Electrical goods are a case in point. 



7. though/as
Adj+  though/as+ it+ verb: Expensive though it was, you certainly got your money's worth.



8. nowhere
nowhere near: If you use nowhere near in front of a word or expression, you are emphasizing that the real situation is very different from, or has not yet reached, the state which that word or expression suggests. E.g. It was nowhere near as difficult as I thought it would be.



9. another
for one reason or another: used for saying that there is more than one reason for something. For various reasons. E.g. What is something you absolutely refuse to do for one reason or another?



10. As 
I was able to stay working and go to school at the same time because as I saw it, I was a hard worker and I took my job seriously.



11. best
To the best of my knowledge/belief: used for saying that you think your statement is true, because it is based on what you know/believe, but you are not completely sure. E.g. To the best of my knowledge, no similar book has been published.  To the best of my belief, everyone arrived on time. The shopkeeper assured investigators that, to the best of his belief, he had not seen the suspect pass through that morning. To the best of my belief, we should be done with the seminar around lunchtime.



12. nearly/quite 



13. like 

Empower p 29. A World without Money. Linking Devices. Exercise 2

LINKING, EXPLAINING AND CONTRASTING
Choose one or two correct alternatives for each sentence

It is difficult to imagine a world without money, though of course, it hasn´t always been around.

1. A First of all, B Once upon a time, C Firstly, D In the beginning, people would exchange sheep for ivory, or goats for weapons.

2. A Sincerely, B Of course, C Naturally, this could be inconvenient.

3. An easier way of trading was needed, A so that B because C that´s why money had to be invented.

4. A Lately, B Once, C Eventually, four-and-a-half thousand years ago in Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq) someone had a brilliant idea.

5. They realized that it would be easier A for B in order to C to buy and sell by using standard weights of silver.

6. This was a marvellous invention because A unless B otherwise C instead we might still be swapping things for sheep and goats!

7. However, it wasn´t A before B by C until the seventh century BC that the first coins appeared in the ancient kingdom of Lydia (now Turkey).

8. A During B By C Over the next few centuries, the use of coins spread to other civilized countries.

9. Rulers wanted to control the issue of coins, A because B so C so that D that´s why they were stamped with the head of the ruler and their value.

10. A As B While C Because precious metals like silver and gold were used, they were actually worth the weight of the metal.

11. Chinese copper coins were A so B too C very D really heavy to carry that people kept them with merchants,

12. A which B whom C that D who gave their customers receipts written on pieces of paper.

13. A After B Afterwards C - they would use them

14. A like B as C for D instead money.

15. A Eventually, B Lastly, in the fourteenth century, the Chinese government introduced the first paper money.

16. A Because B Although C Despite people were suspicious at first, they accepted it.

17. Nowadays, nobody thinks twice about using paper money, A despite B although C while it only has symbolic rather than intrinsic value. (This is true of coins, too).

18. There is nothing new in this A so B because C that´s why D as tribes have traded for centuries using shells and even feathers as currency.

19. A Nowadays, B These days, C Actually, less and less cash is used and we pay for expensive items like laptops and cars by cheque and credit card.

20. A In fact, B Really, C Nevertheless, people predict that, by the end of the century, coins and paper money will have been completely replaced by plastic money.



KEY



1. B and D.



2. B and C.



3. C.



4. C.



5. C.



6. B.



7. C.



8. C.



9. D.



10. A and C.



11. A.



12. D.



13. B.



14. B.



15. A.



16. B.



17.B.



18. B and D.



19. A and B.



20. A.

Empower p 29. Linking Devices. Exercise 1

EXERCISE

Delete the incorrect alternative in each sentence.

1- He pays his own fees. For this reason / However / Consequently, he wants to complete his degree as soon as possible.

2- Jane’s family have a lot of money. However / Thus / Nevertheless, they don’t give her much.

3- Everybody failed the exam. Evidently / In addition to this / Obviously, it was too difficult.

4- Healthcare is very expensive in the United States. On the contrary / For this reason / Hence, it’s a good idea to have health insurance.

5- She lives a long way from the university. Furthermore / Consequently / What’s more, public transport in the area is very poor.

6- His sister studied Maths at university. Thus / However / In contrast, he studied French.


KEY
1 However

 

2 Thus

 

3 In addition to this

 

4 On the contrary

 

5 Consequently

 

6 Thus